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Methods of perforation

Pins and needles
Rotary pinned perforation rollers are precision tools that can be used to perforate a wide variety of materials. The pins / needles can be used cold or heated.

Cold needle perforation can cause a "volcanic cone" shaped structure in the material, which can be beneficial for a number of applications.[citation needed] Cold perforation tools include needle punches.

Hot needle perforation melts the material being perforated, and creates a reinforcing ring around the hole. This can also be beneficial in many applications, as the ring assists in keeping the integrity of the material. There are a handful of manufacturers that specialize in hot and cold needle perforation tooling and equipment.

For microperforation, pinned rollers can be made from a variety of materials to include plastic, steel, aluminum, or other materials. Pinned sleeves can be slid onto a central shaft, so that pin patterns may be interchanged at will.
 
Die and punch
Die and punch sets can be used for thicker materials, or materials that require large gauge holes. The material is sheared by the sharp edges of the punch and die, and the chad is removed. One will see punched perforations in fruit produce bags. Other examples include hole punching and ticket punching. Punches can be designed for a desired hole shape. 

Laser perforation
Laser perforation can place many precise holes in a web. Laser perforations look similar in many respects to hot needle perforations. However, laser systems can be expensive to purchase and maintain. Many use an array of mirrors to direct the beam of light.

Photochemical Etching
Photochemical etching is an ideal process for grids, screens, meshes, filters, separators and other perforated metal applications.